In the presentation, Anita discussed how the antigen context (e.g., choice of adjuvant), kinetics of delivery and the route of immunisation impact the innate and adaptive immune responses, ultimately affecting vaccine efficacy. The immune response to vaccination is influenced by a wide range of vaccine- and host-related factors. The talk illustrated how using a combination of mouse and human in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo immunisation models, we investigate the early spatiotemporal changes that occur following vaccination and the role of local tissue environment in shaping immune responses. It highlighted how different vaccination routes generate protective immunity, and how modulating the rate of vaccine administration can impact the response magnitude, immunological recall, and the potential for dose sparing in the context of protein-based vaccines.