Core-shell microcapsules compatible with routine injection enable prime/boost immunization against malaria with a single shot (2025, Science Translational Medicine)

However, access to powerful adjuvants such as MF59, Matrix-M, and GSK’s AS-series remains limited. This is due not only to patents, but also to trade secrets, technical know-how, licensing and supply restrictions, and high development costs. These barriers particularly affect manufacturers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and smaller vaccine developers, who often rely on aluminium-based adjuvants instead.